After her death in 1558, her half-sister Elizabeth I preceded the throne and she tried to re-establish Puritanism in England. A war would have to involve invasion because after 1558 England had no possessions in mainland Europe (Calais had been lost in 1558). Elizabeth hesitated for several months, however, eventually signed Marys death warrant. The war with Spain continued for 15 years, but the Armada of 1588 was the last real serious Spanish threat to Elizabeths throne. - Threats of invasion or Elizabeth's authority were made worse by her financial situation. The Catholic threat Many Catholics in England were not happy with Elizabeth's Settlement. One factor Elizabeth had to face, which was seen as a huge disadvantage, was her gender. One was debt. The threat of invasion was heavy as England was in the midst of strongly Catholic countries in Europe, who saw Elizabeth's Protestantism as a threat to their own countries and a major problem. She's regarded as one of the greatest monarchs of England. Guy states that Northumberland's success in foreign policy was due to ending Somerset's wars . In 1558, England lost its final possession - the port of Calais - in France. 214 High Street, Anyone refusing to pay poor rates could be imprisoned and officials failing to organise poor relief could be fined. Become a Member |
Official Oxford 2023 Postgraduate Applicants Thread. - Most significant problem she faced as if she didn't have money she couldn't defend England against invasions. 1558 -french threat. Reasons why Philip used the Spanish Armada. Northern Rebellion led by Earl of Westmorland. Stimulus = Mary Queen of Scots arrival in England / The sea beggars, [Examiner commentary following each paragraph and at the end is provided in italics], ____________________________________________________. Why was the Catholic threat greater by the 1580s? The New World, privateering and the significance of the activities of Sir Francis Drake. This meant that Elizabeth was declared illegitimate as her claim to the throne comes through the marriage of Anne to Henry. The plots involved European conspirators and were supported by France, Spain and even the Pope. Elizabeth's legitimacy was one of many problems that Elizabeth faced when she became Queen in 1558. Official Thread: (Undergraduate) Medicine 2023 Entry, St George's University of London (SGUL) A101 2023 Entry. In 1584, the rebel leader, William the Silent was assassinated, and the Dutch resistance was at risk of defeat. Level 4 is about analysis supported by a detailed line of reasoning, so embracing counter-arguments like this are encouraged (so long as they can be explained).]. The local inhabitants showed little mercy to the survivors of these wrecks. Medina Sidonia decided to retreat back to Spain and call off the attack on England. -Elizabeth forced to impose strict penalties against Catholics (penal laws) which enforced religious settlement and protected England against Catholic influence. Those involved planned for an invasion of England by French troops and were financed by Phillip II of Spain and the Pope. Instead, her goal was to ensure freedom of worship for Dutch Protestants and protect Englands Military, commercial and strategic interests listed above. [The conclusion establishes relative importance and explains why one factor was more important than another.]. Elizabeth I faced more difficulties as a monarch than any other Tudor. 30 ships were destroyed, as well as lots of supplies. Boston House, Explain why Elizabeth faced many problems upon ascending to the throne in 1558 . Catholic priests were ordered to leave so as not to influence the English Catholics with divided loyalties. Her arrival and ultimate house arrest were the result of her having to flee Scotland. Drake himself described the raid as Singeing the King of Spains beard. The plan was discovered and the Earls feared being executed for treason, so in a desperate attempt to escape punishment, they rebelled against Elizabeth and tried to overthrow her. No, Francis in Reign does not have a child. The invasion would include the murder of Elizabeth and the placing of Mary, Queen of Scots on the throne. There are 4 main exam boards used in the UK. The Ridolfi Plot of 1571 and later the Throckmorton and Babington Plots, of 1583 and 1586 respectively, all involved the aim of placing Mary on the throne. He plotted a Spanish invasion of England, which would involve the killing of Elizabeth and the placing of Mary, Queen of Scots on the throne. The most important reason however was a combination of Marys arrival and the Popes interference. Elizabeth was eager to nullify the threat of the Auld Alliance (Scotland and France), which had been further reinforced by the marriage of Mary, Queen of Scots and French King Francis II. Elizabeth was born on 7th September 1533 to Anne Boleyn and Henry VIII. Her first husband, Francis II, had died in December 1560. The Spanish had a greater army and Dudleys army was significantly smaller. This was due to the actions of her father, Henry VIII, in 1533. Fearful of the wrath of Catholic powerhouses, France and Spain, Elizabeth did not want to be perceived as Europes leading Protestant. Who we are Changelog Terms of Service Privacy Policy FAQ Sitemap, Psychology History Sociology Business Studies, Psychology Sociology Business Studies Mathematics, Latest Posts Resources Workbooks Past Papers. These problems all led to supply issues for the Spanish Armada and had a major impact on the morale of the Spanish troops. - The threat increased by the fact that Spain and France were catholic, but Elizabeth had chosen to move her country towards Protestantism. The French Catholic League signed this treaty with Philip II of Spain. There are many reasons for this, including interference in English affairs from the Pope, Elizabeths role in the Dutch revolt (which angered Catholic Spain), Mary Queen of Scots arrival in England in 1568 and the rebellion in 1569 that was led by the Catholic Earls Northumberland and Westmoreland. Over 100,000 of this was owed to the Antwerp Exchange who charged an interest rate of 14%. Boston House, Save. The Armadas journey back to Spain was a disaster. Working for the British, Native American Manteo was placed in charge of the expedition by Sir Walter Raleigh. Here is an example answer to the following 16-mark question on the reasons for the increased Catholic threat to Elizabeth I after 1566. Moreover, the brazenness of these revolts was further helped by the blessing of the Pope, whose directives on recusancy and overthrowing Elizabeth were obeyed by many Catholics both domestically and internationally. Walsingham had established a large spy network and was able to intercept letters of Catholic conspirators and work with an expert cryptographer to decode them. Another extremely important problem Elizabeth faced were the threats from the Auld Alliance of France and Scotland, two Catholic countries that England was sandwiched between. Many northern nobles were still committed Catholics and wanted to see the restoration of Catholicism under a Catholic monarch. "the threat of invasions was Elizabeth's main problem when she became queen in 1558" - 3rd point + evidence, - However Elizabeth was also faced with threats about her legitimacy and gender, "the threat of invasions was Elizabeth's main problem when she became queen in 1558" - 3rd explanation. The Spanish Armada sailed in 1588 and was completely defeated by the English. Podcast: The Life and Significance of Alan Turing, Copyright The Historical Association 2023. This was one of the more serious courtships of Elizabeth's reign. However this union was appalling because he was Catholic was married to the previous queen, and a foreigner. Legitimacy of succession: The Pope did not recognise Henry VIII's marriage to Anne. Sir Robert Naunton recorded that the queen once said angrily to Leicester, when he tried to insist upon a favour, "I will have here but one mistress and no master." France was at war with England and Spain. (*fragmentary*). - Overall, I think the threat of invasion was one of Elizabeth's problems when she became queen as both Spain and France were powerful countries who had reasons to invade England and this was increased as Spain and France could unite against Protestant England. Copyright The Student Room 2023 all rights reserved. Tel: +44 0844 800 0085. Upon his arrival, he accepted the position of Governor-General which proved to be a big mistake as it suggested that Elizabeth had taken control of the Netherlands. Roberto Ridolfi was a spy of the Pope. Therefore, I disagree with the statement. Overview of Elizabeth I / Mary was forced to flee following her unsuccessful attempt to win back her Scottish throne. As the war ended, Philip II of Spain wanted to stay on good . Parma and his men, however, were being blockaded by Dutch ships and werent able to reach the coast in time. Manage Settings It was the arrival of Mary which also partly contributed to the revolt of the Northern Earls in 1569, which had brief success. However, the Dutch had always governed themselves. After his successful raid on Cadiz, Drake sailed along the coast of Portugal and Spain, seizing Spanish ships and destroying supplies that were being sent to Lisbon for the Armada. Elizabeth and James VI agreed to maintain Protestantism as their respective countries religion. 214 High Street, Doodle's Point of View [A clear summary of the arguments, once more making the link between Mary, the Pope and Catholic interference.]. English Catholic Francis Throckmorton was the link of communication within this plan. In April 1587, Drake sailed to Cadiz and began attacking the anchored ships there. The Act of Supremacy The queen's reassertion of control over religious matters was achieved via the April 1559 CE Act of Supremacy, once more closing the door on the Pope. In Europe, the 1570s saw some of the worst atrocities of the protracted fall-out of the Reformation. Spains forces in the Netherlands mutinied (as they hadnt been paid by the now bankrupt Spanish government). Importantly though, the arrival of Mary Queen of Scots in England did more to embolden the threat of Catholicism. - death of henry II. In October 1586, Mary was found guilty of treason and sentenced to death. A great threat was presented by Catholic opposition to Elizabeth's rule, but Mary's influence over this, and therefore the threat that she posed as an individual, may be called into question. By August 1986, Walsingham had gathered enough evidence to dismantle the plot. The plan was that 130 ships (equipped with 2431 guns) would sail along the Channel to the Netherlands, where they would pick up 27,000 troops, led by the Duke of Parma. Elizabeth I: a biography. [Relative comparison made to inform the judgement here shows instantly criteria are being established, helping to signpost the rest of the answer.]. Mary became the inspiration for frequent revolts and rebellions, as it suddenly appeared possible that Elizabeth could be realistically replaced by a legitimate Catholic heir. This was seen as a huge blow for English pride as England had territory in France for hundreds of years. [The importance of dates and chronology help demonstrate the long- term impact of Marys presence, which helps support the initial judgement.]. As these privateers were supposedly independent, Elizabeth could deny any responsibility for the activities and this helped to prevent open conflict with King Phillip and Spain directly. In 1581, Protestant rebels in the Netherlands declared independence from Spain and established a Dutch republic. Therefore, France controlled the whole of the northern coastline and posed a major threat to England. Parents: Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn. This increased tension between England and Spain. At the start of her reign in 1558, Elizabeth faced many problems it was a very tumultuous time for her. France was to be a constant thorn in the side of Elizabeth I throughout her reign. She raised an army following her escape from prison but was defeated at Langside (Glasgow). The accession of Elizabeth Tudor to the throne of England in November 1558 meant that Mary was, by virtue of her Tudor blood, next in line to the English throne. Tel: +44 0844 800 0085. The relative strength of France and weakness of England was further compounded by the fact that Elizabeth had to recognize the loss of Calais to France under the Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis in 1559, following a disastrous English military campaign under the reign of Elizabeth's predecessor, Mary I. Calais had been in English hands since 1347. Queen Elizabeth showed no mercy to the rebels and the Earl of Northumberland along with 400 rebel troops were executed while the Earl of Westmorland fled abroad. -Threats from Catholics in the middle years were significant e.g. Surviving colonists abandon Virginia and return to England. West Yorkshire, King Phillip saw the signing of the 1585 Treaty of Nonsuch as a declaration fo war on Spain and in response, he began to build a huge fleet of ships known as an Armada to invade England with. [Blog], Medicine Community Feedback and Suggestions, 2023 entry A100 / A101 Medicine fastest and slowest offer senders, Borders & Enforcement, Immigration Enforcement - Immigration Officer June 22, Official University of the Arts London 2023 Applicants Thread. Philip II and the Pope supported the plot that would involve the invasion of England by the Duke of Guise. Boston Spa, Can I give a retake in the feb/march if I had given my exams in the may/June series. On November 1569, the Earls managed to capture Durham and proceeded to celebrate Catholic Mass in the Cathedral before marching south in the direction of Tutbury, Derbyshire where Mary was imprisoned. During this journey, they encountered several powerful Atlantic storms and this resulted in many ships sinking or being wrecked on the Scottish and Irish coasts. This established a new Anglo-Scottish peace and also reconfirmed the agreement at Cateau-Cambresis. Marys clear awareness and support of the Babington plot led to her being sentenced to death in October 1586. The English sent 8 fireships loaded with flammable materials in the middle of the night towards the anchored Spanish ships. She pledged to finance an army of 7,400 English troops and placed Robert Dudley, Earl of Leicester, in charge of them. The English had drastically improved their shipbuilding techniques which gave them several technological advantages. Elizabeth couldn't restore authority and teachings of the Pope. Her aggressive stance on some issues led to further problems such as those faced in Ireland. Babington and other known plotters were hanged, drawn and quartered. 2022 Youth Conference - post conference 4 month challenge! Probably at the core of Elizabeth's decision to remain single was an unwillingness to compromise her power. Henry himself gave people cause . Her forty-five year reign was constantly under threat, which makes the fact that she was able to overcome these for forty-five years even more remarkable. Study notes, videos, interactive activities and more! He would often return with huge amounts of treasure for Queen Elizabeth. King Phillip tried to send two further Armadas in the 1590s however, both were unsuccessful. However, it should be noted that one reason for the eventual crushing of the revolt is because the vast majority of Catholics in the north stayed loyal to Elizabeth and did not revolt, suggesting that Elizabeth did not face a threat from all Catholics within England, but enough of a threat to be permanently suspicious. Many of the rebel troops deserted while the two Earls fled to Scotland. Indeed, the Ridolfi Plot of 1571 was even led by one of the Popes spies, Roberto Ridolfi. King Phillip II had been married to Queen Mary I of England and the two had been allies in a war against France in the 1550s. Not many Englishmen were granted licenses and therefore Elizabeth would encourage privateers, men who sailed their own ships, to trade illegally with the Spanish colonies. and reversing the religious settlement. VAT reg no 816865400. Many colonists this time were poverty-stricken Londoners (it was felt they would be used to hard work and would therefore be happy to work for a new life in the New World). Moreover, a child would create more stability domestically and nullify challenges to the throne (like that from Mary Queen of Scots) as a political vacuum would have been filled. The plot was uncovered by Sir Francis Walsingham, who intercepted and read Babingtons letters to Mary. The victory over the Spanish boosted Elizabeths popularity and strengthened the Protestant cause as it was a sign that God favoured Protestantism. This led to a rampage of Spanish soldiers and the sacking of Antwerp. However, she was fearful of the presence of Spain in the Netherlands, who were busy putting down the Dutch Revolt from 1566 under the command of the Duke of Alba. He was a protestant and head of his country; however England viewed Sweden as a mediocre power and not a nation to be linked with in marriage. Elizabeth's sister Mary I had lost this port back of Calais to the French in an unsuccessful war that England and Spain had fought against France Elizabeth wanted it back to demonstrate England's strength France and Spain were no longer at war and there was a real possibility they may unite against England. Mary served as a permanent reminder at home and abroad that there was a legitimate Catholic heir to the throne and, with the Popes blessing, willing Catholic rebels could convince themselves they were doing Gods work. 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By instinct, Elizabeth was a The answer does touch upon the issue of religion but this could be extended further to acknowledge the extensive divisions within society given the preceding tumultuous changes (a brief mention of the role of the puritans for example could help). The execution of Mary, Queen of Scots, finally removed the on-going threat at home from Catholics who wanted to replace Elizabeth with her. This pleased those eager for her to marry, but made many unhappy because they did not want her to marry a French Catholic. Design engineering imperial 2023 applicants, Border Force Officer - Core and Mobile teams recruitment campaign September 2022. This meant that England had suffered economically as they were not generating any income from Calais. - I partly agree with the statement as both France and Spain were powerful Catholic countries, who could unite against Protestant England. Born 7th September 1533 , Elizabeth was the daughter of Henry VIII and his second wife, Anne Boleyn. The defeat of the Northern Earls showed there was little appetite for a Catholic revolution. The core of her legitimacy problem centred around the circumstances of her birth by Anne Boleyn. When Elizabeth I acquired the English throne in 1558, many believed due to the religious decisions of her predecessors, dating back to Henry VIII's reign, Elizabeth had inherited a country that was predominantly Catholic in belief. When Mary I died in 1558, England and Spain were allies in a war against France. "the threat of invasions was Elizabeth's main problem when she became queen in 1558" - 4th explanation - Most significant problem she faced as if she didn't have money she couldn't defend England against invasions. English sailors land at Roanoke to find it abandoned. Insolvency therefore limited the choices of the new Queen and instantly undermined her power. The Council was controlled by southern Protestants and this caused resentment by the northern nobles. Elizabeth also felt she had no right to execute a legitimate monarch but also, executing a queen could set a dangerous precedent that could undermine her own claim to rule by Divine Right and fuel more plots against her. his early wars against France and his championing of Catholic orthodoxy against the teachings of Martin Luther. Marriage to a foreign prince would ensure a foreign alliance and would have strengthened England against threats from abroad. Importantly too, Elizabeths fear of the Auld Alliance was heightened by the fact that the Catholic Mary, Queen of Scots, had declared herself the legitimate Queen of England (owing to the fact that she was Elizabeths second cousin and the granddaughter of Henry VIIIs sister Margaret) and she had the support of many English Catholics. The evidence was enough to persuade Elizabeth to put Mary on trial and eventually execute her for treason. The leading figure involved in the plot was Francis Throckmorton, a young Catholic man who carried messages between Mary and Catholic conspirators abroad. While a baby is born at various points throughout the show, Francis is not its father. They were also fearful that France would rekindle their loyalty to Scotland and threaten England from the north and south together. Even though a truce was decided, there was still a constant threat from the Scots and French to the English security . Anne Boleyn (L), Henry VIII (C) and Elizabeth I (R) Elizabeth was born on 7th September 1533 to Anne Boleyn and Henry VIII. Cleopatra, Queen Victoria and many more. 1. They had enjoyed religious freedom under Queen Mary, Elizabeth's sister, and they were now being. This significantly committed Elizabeth to support the Dutch rebels directly against the Spanish. (1583) was a threat to Queen Elizabeth. The Spanish Armada sailed in 1588 and was completely defeated by the English. Most of the new ships were being built in the deepwater port Portuguese port of Lisbon which was protected by strong fortifications. English exports to Europe were vital to the English economy and reached the European market via the Dutch ports, particularly Antwerp. As such, the Catholic community cited both religious and legal reasons why Elizabeth had no right to be Queen, which made her accession extremely problematic. The Spanish attempted to regroup at Gravelines, however, the weather made it impossible for them to reform their defensive crescent formation which opened up an opportunity for the English to intercept and attack. It was the only major threat to Henry's security as monarch. The Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis of April 1559 between Spain and France was meant to be the start of lasting peace between the two. Cecil was a master of Renaissance statecraft, whose talents as a diplomat, politician, and administrator won him high office and . Throckmorton was tortured and although he confessed, was then killed. Elizabeth had reinstated Protestantism as the official religion of England when she inherited the throne, but that did not mean that there were not still Catholics residing in the country. By spring 1588, the Spanish Armada was complete and King Phillip was ready to launch his, The Armada was a huge fleet consisting of, The Spanish also had thousands of more soldiers stationed in the Netherlands under the command of the. He chose to sail around Scotland and Ireland which presented a dangerous route which the Spanish sailors were unfamiliar with. - Leith blockade. Europe. Throughout her reign, Elizabeth was engaged in expensive financial issues, especially foreign policy. The Spanish responded by doing the same to the English. Marys presence in England posed an on-going threat as she had a strong claim to the throne herself. 1) In 1557, Mary I took England to war with France to support her husband who was already fighting the French. Describe two features of the threats posed to Elizabeth in 1558 3. Describe two features of Elizabeth's religious settlement 1559 5. 14-16 /
She was the last monarch of the Tudor period. Essentially, this meant England and Spain were now at war. This was signed by the English nobility and gentry and required the signatories to execute anyone who attempted to overthrow the Queen. Spouse: None. . The Spanish invasion didnt go according to plan when the Spanish Armada was launched in 1588. Thomas Percy, 7th Earl of Northumberland was part of the Rising in the North in 1569. Reigned: queen of England and Ireland for 44 years, from 17 November 1558 until her death in 1603. Describe two features of Mary Queen of Scots' threat to Elizabeth I. The Spanish had planned to come alongside their opponents and attempt to board their ships to try to overcome the enemy through hand-to-hand fighting. 214 High Street, Although he promised to help the conspirators, he rarely followed through on these promises. July 31st: Battle of Plymouth two Spanish ships were captured. As the closest person to God in the eyes of the Catholics, obeying the Pope was of paramount importance and this meant Elizabeth had to be suspicious of other Catholic threats at home. The northern nobles felt Elizabeths advisors were responsible for many of these policy changes. As such, I disagree with the statement. "the threat of invasions was Elizabeth's main problem when she became queen in 1558" - 1st point + explanation. With the seemingly imminent war between Spain only a matter of time, Elizabeth was determined to rid England of the enemy within. [This is a confident answer because it selects two reasons and links them together, showing a clear conceptual focus as well as wide-ranging knowledge]. With the Popes blessing, foreign Catholic priests were smuggled into England with the sole purpose of continuing recusancy amongst the English Catholics and undermining the influence of Protestantism. Sir Francis Drake and the raid on Cadiz: `Singeing the King of Spains beard. VAT reg no 816865400. Dedicated to. Protestants (notably John Knox) initially claimed female rule was unnatural or monstrous, while Roman Catholics judged . These problems included Gender, Religion, Finance and Foreign policy. In 1558, England and Spain were still allies against France, but King Philip of Spain (who had been married to Mary) hated Protestantism with a passion. John White led another group to Roanoke, 3 years after the attempt to colonise it. The war was going badly for England. Marriage and the Succession She was expected to marry and produce an heir for the Tudor line but she wanted to choose the right person and not anger anyone. There were several factors that influenced Queen Elizabeths decision to sign the Treaty of Nonsuch including: Elizabeth believed in Divine Right and due to this, she didnt want to remove King Phillip as the ruler of Netherlands. The attack was a success. . Study notes, videos, interactive activities and more! "the threat of invasions was Elizabeth's main problem when she became queen in 1558" - 2nd point + evidence. They believed privy council members such as William Cecil had become too powerful and instead wanted to remove those they deemed evil and replace them with councillors more sympathetic to their causes. The Duke of Norfolk was arrested and executed however Mary was not punished beyond her supervision being made tighter. As long as Mary was alive, the plots could always be deemed credible and many Catholics secretly wanted a return to Catholocism. Before the rebel army was able to reach Tutbury, a large royal army forced them to retreat. One fact that should not be ignored from 1566 was the increasing role of the Pope and his determination to undermine Elizabeth. Queen Elizabeth has confiscated large portions of land from the Earl of Northumberland and given it his main rivals in the north and south who were both Protestant. In response to the Throckmorton Plot, Elizabeths advisors drafted the Bond of Association, which was aimed at deterring any further plots. This was important because it demonstrated the strength of Catholic feeling within England and highlighted how Elizabeth, after 11 years, was still vulnerable to English Catholics.